diff --git a/src/Analyser/MutatingScope.php b/src/Analyser/MutatingScope.php
index f459f053a2c..bf19f368357 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/MutatingScope.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/MutatingScope.php
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@
 use function abs;
 use function array_diff_key;
 use function array_filter;
+use function array_intersect_key;
 use function array_key_exists;
 use function array_keys;
 use function array_last;
@@ -1515,17 +1516,25 @@ private static function getVariablesOfExpressionKey(string $key): ?array
 	public function withRecordedStatementDelta(self $recordedEntry, self $recordedExit): self
 	{
 		$conditionalExpressions = $this->conditionalExpressions;
-		foreach ($recordedExit->conditionalExpressions as $key => $holders) {
-			if (isset($recordedEntry->conditionalExpressions[$key]) && $recordedEntry->conditionalExpressions[$key] === $holders) {
+		foreach (array_keys($recordedExit->conditionalExpressions + $recordedEntry->conditionalExpressions) as $key) {
+			$entryHolders = $recordedEntry->conditionalExpressions[$key] ?? [];
+			$exitHolders = $recordedExit->conditionalExpressions[$key] ?? [];
+			if ($entryHolders === $exitHolders) {
 				continue;
 			}
-			$conditionalExpressions[$key] = $holders;
-		}
-		foreach (array_keys($recordedEntry->conditionalExpressions) as $key) {
-			if (isset($recordedExit->conditionalExpressions[$key])) {
+			$currentHolders = $conditionalExpressions[$key] ?? [];
+			if ($currentHolders !== $entryHolders) {
+				// the statement changed the holders of an expression whose holders
+				// differ here (e.g. it assigned the guard of one): the recorded
+				// exit's holders describe the recorded state, so keep only this
+				// scope's holders that the recorded walk kept
+				$exitHolders = array_intersect_key($currentHolders, $entryHolders, $exitHolders);
+			}
+			if ($exitHolders === []) {
+				unset($conditionalExpressions[$key]);
 				continue;
 			}
-			unset($conditionalExpressions[$key]);
+			$conditionalExpressions[$key] = $exitHolders;
 		}
 
 		return $this->duplicateWith(
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/Bug15736Test.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/Bug15736Test.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c2887ac2f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/Bug15736Test.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace PHPStan\Analyser;
+
+use PHPStan\Testing\TypeInferenceTestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
+
+/**
+ * Without bleeding edge, which builds the loop's array shapes differently
+ * and does not reach the replayed statement this covers.
+ */
+class Bug15736Test extends TypeInferenceTestCase
+{
+
+	public static function dataFileAsserts(): iterable
+	{
+		yield from self::gatherAssertTypes(__DIR__ . '/data/bug-15736.php');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed ...$args
+	 */
+	#[DataProvider('dataFileAsserts')]
+	public function testFileAsserts(
+		string $assertType,
+		string $file,
+		...$args,
+	): void
+	{
+		$this->assertFileAsserts($assertType, $file, ...$args);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/data/bug-15736.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/data/bug-15736.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..46b85849182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/data/bug-15736.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug15736;
+
+use stdClass;
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+/** @return array{value: int}|false */
+function fetchRow(object $result)
+{
+	return rand(0, 1) === 1 ? ['value' => 1] : false;
+}
+
+function query(): object
+{
+	return new stdClass();
+}
+
+function doFoo(object $rows): void
+{
+	$values = [];
+	$header = 0;
+	$cols = 0;
+	$rowCount = 0;
+	$items = query();
+	while ($row = fetchRow($rows)) {
+		$header++;
+		if ($header === 1) {
+			while ($item = fetchRow($items)) {
+				$cols++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$col = 0;
+		$items = query();
+		while ($item = fetchRow($items)) {
+			$values[$col][$rowCount] = $item['value'];
+			$col++;
+		}
+		$rowCount++;
+	}
+
+	assertType('array<int<0, max>, non-empty-array<int<0, max>, int>>', $values);
+	for ($col = 0; $col < $cols; $col++) {
+		assertType('array<int<0, max>, non-empty-array<int<0, max>, int>>', $values);
+		for ($r = 0; $r < $rowCount; $r++) {
+			echo $values[$col][$r];
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/turbo-ext/src/MutatingScope.cpp b/turbo-ext/src/MutatingScope.cpp
index c819fa79eb3..3f1097828e0 100644
--- a/turbo-ext/src/MutatingScope.cpp
+++ b/turbo-ext/src/MutatingScope.cpp
@@ -2996,6 +2996,42 @@ class MutatingScope
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	/* withRecordedStatementDelta()'s step for one conditional expression
+	 * key; a missing or null holder list (NULL here) is the twin's `?? []` */
+	static void applyRecordedConditionalDelta(zv::Arr &conditionalExpressions, const zv::ArrayEntry &key, zval *entryHolders, zval *exitHolders)
+	{
+		zval empty;
+		ZVAL_EMPTY_ARRAY(&empty);
+		if (entryHolders == NULL || Z_TYPE_P(entryHolders) == IS_NULL) entryHolders = &empty;
+		if (exitHolders == NULL || Z_TYPE_P(exitHolders) == IS_NULL) exitHolders = &empty;
+		if (zend_is_identical(entryHolders, exitHolders)) return;
+
+		zval *currentHolders = findByEntryKey(conditionalExpressions.table(), key);
+		if (currentHolders == NULL || Z_TYPE_P(currentHolders) == IS_NULL) currentHolders = &empty;
+		zval kept;
+		if (!zend_is_identical(currentHolders, entryHolders)) {
+			/* array_intersect_key($currentHolders, $entryHolders, $exitHolders) */
+			zv::Arr intersected = zv::Arr::create(0);
+			for (auto holder : zv::TableRef(Z_ARRVAL_P(currentHolders))) {
+				if (findByEntryKey(Z_ARRVAL_P(entryHolders), holder) == NULL || findByEntryKey(Z_ARRVAL_P(exitHolders), holder) == NULL) continue;
+				zval copy;
+				ZVAL_COPY(&copy, holder.value().raw());
+				updateByEntryKey(intersected.table(), holder, &copy);
+			}
+			kept = intersected.take();
+		} else {
+			ZVAL_COPY(&kept, exitHolders);
+		}
+
+		conditionalExpressions.separate();
+		if (zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL(kept)) == 0) {
+			zval_ptr_dtor(&kept);
+			deleteByEntryKey(conditionalExpressions.table(), key);
+			return;
+		}
+		updateByEntryKey(conditionalExpressions.table(), key, &kept);
+	}
+
 	/* This scope after a statement whose recorded walk stands. */
 	zv::Val withRecordedStatementDelta(zend_object *recordedEntryObject, zend_object *recordedExitObject)
 	{
@@ -3009,18 +3045,14 @@ class MutatingScope
 		zv::Arr conditionalExpressions = zv::Arr::copyOfTable(Z_ARRVAL_P(slot(PT_MS_PROP_CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSIONS).raw()));
 		HashTable *entryConditionals = Z_ARRVAL_P(recordedEntry.slot(PT_MS_PROP_CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSIONS).raw());
 		HashTable *exitConditionals = Z_ARRVAL_P(recordedExit.slot(PT_MS_PROP_CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSIONS).raw());
+		/* the twin's `$recordedExit + $recordedEntry` key walk: the exit's
+		 * keys, then the keys only the entry has */
 		for (auto entry : zv::TableRef(exitConditionals)) {
-			zval *entryHolders = findByEntryKey(entryConditionals, entry);
-			if (entryHolders != NULL && Z_TYPE_P(entryHolders) != IS_NULL && zend_is_identical(entryHolders, entry.value().raw())) continue;
-			conditionalExpressions.separate();
-			zval copy;
-			ZVAL_COPY(&copy, entry.value().raw());
-			updateByEntryKey(conditionalExpressions.table(), entry, &copy);
+			applyRecordedConditionalDelta(conditionalExpressions, entry, findByEntryKey(entryConditionals, entry), entry.value().raw());
 		}
 		for (auto entry : zv::TableRef(entryConditionals)) {
-			if (issetByEntryKey(exitConditionals, entry)) continue;
-			conditionalExpressions.separate();
-			deleteByEntryKey(conditionalExpressions.table(), entry);
+			if (findByEntryKey(exitConditionals, entry) != NULL) continue;
+			applyRecordedConditionalDelta(conditionalExpressions, entry, entry.value().raw(), NULL);
 		}
 
 		static const struct { uint32_t slot; const char *name; } holderTables[] = {